External Partner Development

• Survey of 40 German hospitals found most AI tools were developed with external partners
• Few hospitals have internal capabilities to build AI solutions themselves
• This highlights the importance of vendors and startups in the healthcare AI ecosystem

Consortium Approaches

• Many hospitals join research consortia or multi-center validation studies
• This allows sharing of development costs and data for training more robust models
• European projects often unite multiple hospitals, tech companies, and researchers
• Examples include EU Horizon-funded healthcare AI initiatives

Cloud vs. On-Premise Solutions

• European hospitals often prefer on-premise or EU-based cloud solutions
• This approach addresses GDPR concerns and keeps patient data within jurisdiction
• Big tech companies (Microsoft, Google, Amazon) are adapting to offer:
  • Cloud-based AI services tailored to EU regulatory requirements
  • Regional data centers that comply with European privacy laws
  • GDPR-compliant processing options for sensitive healthcare data

Emerging Collaboration Models

• Startups addressing niche clinical needs with specialized AI
• Research hospitals serving as validation sites for commercial AI
• Public-private partnerships accelerating translation from research to practice
• Open-source communities developing healthcare AI with European values